Email sent by Chris to the Severn Valley Authors (http://severnvalleyauthors.blogspot.com) on 14/04/13:
Dear all,
Please find attached latest extract from Karl Marx and Careful Driving. It consists of the first quarter of Chapter 7. Driver and truck are heading towards Moscow, where the armed guard is to be collected for the onward journey to Kazakhstan. As ever I need to know whether or not the blending of the journey with a stream of consciousness works. As ever, I suspect you will suffer from the disadvantage of not having read preceding chapters (only extracts which have since been reworked). I hope that nevertheless you will get the general gist.
Email sent by Rob Ronsson (www.robertronsson.co.uk) to the Severn Valley Authors on Monday 22/04/13:
Hi SVAers
I'm afraid that Kidderminster Harriers did not end up on Saturday as champions of the Blue Square Premier League and that this means that they are now competing in the play-offs for promotion to Division 2 of the Npower League (I'm providing all this detail for the benefit of the non-soccer types among you). The first leg of the Harriers play-off semi-final (two legs) is away at Wrexham FC tomorrow (Tuesday) kick off at 7.45 pm. I'm going to the match and therefore won't be at the meeting. Sorry, but this is a once-in-a-season-game and as a keen supporter I feel that I have to be there for the team. I'm sure you all understand. Please accept my apologies for tomorrow. Chris, I'll read your piece and send you my thoughts in writing. Tony, thanks for the kind offer of a lift, but I'll be singing myself hoarse in Wales when you are pulling up outside Izzie's. Have a good meeting, everyone. Come on you Reds!
Email sent by Chris to Rob (CC other members of the SVA) on Tuesday 23/04/13:
Hi Rob
Are you sure that the football is the real reason for your absence this evening? Didn't you just take one look at the extract from Karl Marx and Careful Driving and bottle it? Seriously though, I'm very interested in your opinion (as the only reader in the group of Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance) as to why Pirsig's book 'works' for you and so many others, and what I need to do to KM&CD to make it work in a similar way. Is it to do with the differences in structure? Perhaps the greater frequency with which I switch the narrative from the journey to the stream of consciousness and back is overambitious, but I wanted to achieve an ever-presence sense of physical movement to match the mental restlessness. Or is it that the stream of consciousness itself (the application of the philosophies of Plato and Marx to medieval and Soviet history, and to present-day Europe) fails to hold the reader's interest? Do some sections actually work? If so, which and why? Which sections don't work, and why don't they work? Sometimes I wake up in the middle of the night in a cold sweat, wondering if KM&CD is going to be the biggest load of bollocks anyone has ever written and that I'm throwing away my life on a project that will never work. I suspect that Pirsig might have experienced very similar feelings. I trust that you weren't responsible for those disgraceful scenes at Aggborough on Saturday evening. Give the Harriers a cheer from me.
Shift 7: Wednesday 21
July
Safonovo (RUS) – Ryazan
(RUS): 342 miles
‘It is …the fundamental principle of all
political right that people have given themselves chiefs in order to defend
their liberty and not to enslave them.’ (Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Discourse on the Origins of Inequality)
Karl Marx divided the labour process into three:
firstly, the activity of the worker; secondly, the purpose of the work; and
finally, the instruments of labour.
The instrument of labour is the conductor of the worker’s activity and can
consist of mechanical, physical or chemical procedures by which he accomplishes
his tasks.
A truck qualifies as an
instrument of labour. A similar method to Linnaeus’s classification of living
matter might be employed to describe the machine I’m driving:
Category: Road Vehicle.
Use: Commercial.
Purpose: Carriage of Goods.
Engine: Compression
Ignition.
Manufacturer: Volvo.
Model: F12 400
Globetrotter.
Country of Manufacture:
Sweden.
Registration Number:
K123 YOF.
The sunshine of the last
few days has been replaced by a steady downpour of rain, covering the roads in
a film of mud and rendering surfaces treacherous and slippery. The little I can
make out beyond the metronomic arc of the windscreen wipers is limited to the
secretive walls of birch forest to either side of the glistening grey ribbon of
road and the occasional sodden village.
Use: Commercial.
Purpose: Carriage of Goods. Jean-Paul Sartre declared that the purpose of
manufactured items is never in doubt because their essence (or function)
precedes their existence: a pen is created to enable people to write, and a
chair is manufactured to take the weight off your feet.
Every component part of
the Volvo fulfils the specific purpose for which it was designed. Battling to
keep the rain off the windscreen, the wipers have three settings: intermittent,
normal and fast. Heater elements behind the glass are clearing the mirrors of
water droplets. I have directed the fan heater at the windscreen to prevent it
from misting up.
Plato stated that both
natural and artificial products are judged by their performance of the specific
function for which nature (God) or man designed them.
In medieval Europe your position in the feudal hierarchy was
assigned by God – and you had a duty to remain in it. Your inherited purpose
was never in doubt because your God-given essence (or function) preceded your
existence.
in
a Godless universe we have no predefined purpose. Unlike the components of an
engine, people aren’t precision engineered to fulfil a specific function within
the whole: existence therefore
precedes essence.
I went to
university because it was expected of me but I drifted through the four-year course
without any clear idea of an essence or purpose. Translating texts and studying
French literary philosophy didn’t provide any answers; neither did
experimenting with alcohol and recreational drugs. Every summer I took to the
road alone with a rucksack containing a minimum of gear to spend three to four
months hitch-hiking the length and breadth of Europe. I slept rough in woods,
fields and ditches and became fit and suntanned. If I needed an academic
justification I could argue that I made extensive use of my conversational
French and Spanish when chatting to drivers. During the occasional lift in a
mighty Volvo, Scania or Pegaso I would question the pilots about the way of
life and watch in fascination as they juggled with twelve-, fourteen- or
sixteen-speed gearboxes. The international truck driver continued to present a
powerfully romantic figure and I yearned to be piloting big rigs to France,
Spain or Portugal, or even to Turkey or Saudi Arabia.
Yet again I am short of sleep. The fortissimo
dialogue and drunken laughter of the two Poles in the DAF parked alongside the
Volvo in the TIR park formed a counterpoint to the din issuing from the truck’s
cassette player until the small hours. Sometime after I finally managed to nod
off I was woken by a knock on the door. I ignored it but whoever it was
persisted. Never less than infuriating, these interruptions to much-needed
slumber are frequent occurrences throughout the Eastern Bloc. Sometimes, as on
this occasion, the rap of knuckles heralds a prostitute touting for business;
or it might be a police officer demanding a parking fee or some unspecified
bribe. Most irritating of all are the shadowy figures who knock on the cab in
the small hours and wait expectantly outside for no apparent reason whatsoever.
After a short, angry and mutually incomprehensible exchange they usually
disappear, leaving me trying to calm jangling nerves and wondering what
possesses people to wander around parking areas and lay-bys at two in the
morning knocking on cab doors.
Existence precedes
essence:
when applying Linnaeus’s classification to myself as an individual example of
Homo sapiens I described my purpose as ‘unspecified’. In the absence of A Great
Engineer In The Sky we are obliged to seek our own purpose. I have discovered
mine in the solitary command of a big truck on an empty road. Despite – or perhaps
because of – the risks, I derive satisfaction from doing a demanding job well;
not everyone would cope with the frustrations, the isolation and the long hours.
Justice in Plato’s ‘society
of all societies’ is defined by each individual’s decision to stick to the
single task most appropriate to them and not to meddle with others’ business. The
Ideal State is a rigid structure in which each person’s vocation – butcher,
baker, candlestick maker; tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor – is apparently as
clearly defined as the tasks performed by the parts in an engine: all working
in perfect harmony and unison for the benefit of the community.
The perfect timing of an engine is strangely
compelling. I’ve calculated that the Volvo’s six-cylinder, four-stroke
turbocharged and intercooled engine generates a mind-boggling 4,500 detonations
per minute when running at a cruising speed of 1500 revolutions of the
crankshaft per minute. Essence precedes
existence. Hundreds of components (crankshaft, connecting rods, cogs,
timing belts, camshaft, tappets, rocker arms, compressor, fuel, oil and water
pumps) are performing an indispensible service to a perfectly functioning and
united whole.
Self-discipline in
Plato’s Ideal State was to manifest itself in the form of a ‘harmony’ or
‘concord’ existing between the three classes about which of them was the most
appropriate for the task of government; A discordant note is struck by
Thrasymachus, a member of Socrates’ entourage, who (in terms echoed by Marx
over two thousand years later)
defines ‘justice’ as whatever happens to be the interest of the most powerful.
Every government enacts laws that are in its own interest rather than the
interest of the governed. Those who fail to act according to the whims of the
ruler are defined as criminals and punished.
The Republic’s narrator,
Socrates (for whom theory is closer to truth than practice), gives Thrasymachus
short shrift. If a doctor acts in the best interests of his patients and a
ship’s captain in the best interests of the crew, he argues somewhat
unconvincingly, a ruler will act in the best interests of the ruled. Tellingly
perhaps, Socrates pays little further attention to the activities of doctors
and ships’ captains, or to the quest of the class of businessmen and workers to
discover their respective roles in the Ideal State; The Republic is henceforth devoted almost exclusively to the task
of identifying and training ‘the superior minority’ for the task of government.
This appears to be a tacit admission not only of the importance but also of the
difficulty of discovering people with
a natural aptitude to govern. Socrates goes on to concede that the Ideal State
will never enter the material world until philosophers become rulers or rulers
become philosophers.
The few vehicles on the
Moscow highway are barely discernible behind a barrier of spray, due in part to
the apparent reluctance of Russian drivers to use lights. Perhaps the lights don’t
work.
Thrasymachus was not describing justice but the
law which, as a reflection of the ruling will, often turns out neither to be
fair, appropriate or just because Plato’s conceptual ruling philosophers have
been conspicuous by their absence from the corridors of power here in the
material world: people with a ‘natural aptitude’ for
government, those who embody the Ideal State’s cardinal virtues of wisdom,
courage, self-discipline and justice, seldom gravitate to the appropriate
positions.
During the fifth and
sixth centuries Christianity replaced the Roman State as the unifying force
that bound the peoples of Europe together. The closure of Plato’s Academy in
Athens in A.D. 529 by the Emperor Justinian (on the grounds that it was a Pagan
establishment) reinforced Roman Catholicism’s monopoly of education, reflection
and worship throughout the former Roman Empire. It was left to the Islamic
civilisations in North Africa and the Middle East to build on Ancient Greek
progress in mathematics, chemistry, astronomy and medicine.
The Soviet state’s laws served
to enforce ideological conformity. All independent newspapers were shut down in
the summer of 1918 and a central bureau of censorship, Glavlit, was set up in
1922. ‘Enemy of the people’ was a label attached to anyone who opposed government
policy. Differences in interpretation of the Marxist gospel according to Saint
Vladimir led to the persecution of heretical sects such as the Mensheviks and
the Socialist Revolutionaries. Instead of acting as independent bodies
representing the interests of their members, Trade Unions were nationalised.
Foreign travel was prohibited for all but high-ranking party functionaries for
fear of ideological contamination. The church was suspected of harbouring
counterrevolutionary elements, and journalists, writers and artists were unable
to practise their art without fear of imprisonment.
The hum of the engine,
interspersed with the regular clonk
of the wipers as they complete each semi-circular sweep, is scarcely audible
above the hiss of fourteen tyres on wet tarmac. The power derived from the
expansion of burning gases in the combustion chambers of the Volvo’s engine is
being transmitted to the crankshaft via six dutiful pistons and their
connecting rods, each downward thrust of a piston applying rotary force (or
torque) to the crankshaft.
The
obedient connecting rod has neither passion nor personality. It responds in an
entirely rational way to the combination of fuel and air but society isn’t an
engine and its egotistical components don’t behave like connecting rods. Every
new ruling class, claimed Marx, has to present its ideology as the will of the
people in order for its interests to be accepted as being of benefit to the
entire community. Ruling
minorities depend upon the endorsement of a religion or ideology, a Magnificent
Myth to persuade the masses of the legitimacy of their rule. Power without the
authority of a supporting myth is usually short-lived.
As soon as they realised
that the myth of Divine Justice, in which the wicked were punished and the
virtuous were rewarded, was absent from the imperfect and changing material world,
Christian leaders transferred divine reward and retribution to a Perfect and
Eternal Conceptual World to which each immortal soul would migrate following
death. The postponement of divine judgement until the hereafter failed nevertheless
to stem the tide of earthly punishments meted out to transgressors, including
confinement in dungeons, torture and execution. In A.D. 546 hundreds of Pagans
were murdered in Constantinople for refusing to convert to Christianity.
Successive leaders of
the Soviet Union pledged that universal peace, prosperity, justice and
brotherhood would be the reward for those willing to sacrifice the imperfect
present for a Perfect Future. Hadn’t the Great Prophet himself identified the necessity of a transitional phase
of revolutionary dictatorship to supervise the transition from capitalism to
communism?
Communism was indefinitely postponed by the Ruling Guardians of the Communist
Party and the transitional phase – in which the state rather than the filthy
bourgeois exploited the workers and peasants – was to endure for seven decades.
Those who expressed doubt in the Magnificent Myths of Soviet socialism were
consigned not to the eternal flames of hellfire but to an infernal cold. The
damned of the gulags laboured in the icy wastes of Siberia until their lives
were ended prematurely by exhaustion, malnutrition or exposure.
‘An instrument of labour is a thing, or a complex of
things which the labourer interposes between himself and the object of his
labour, and which serves as the conductor of his activity. He makes use of the
mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of some substances in order to
make other substances subservient to his aims. Leaving out of consideration
such ready-made means of subsistence as fruits, in gathering which a man’s own
limbs serve as the instruments of his labour, the first thing of which the
labourer possesses himself is not the object of labour but its instrument.’ (Karl Marx: Capital)
‘Justice or right is simply what is in the interest
of the stronger party. Each type of government enacts laws that are in its own
interest, a democracy democratic laws, a tyranny tyrannical ones and so on; and
in enacting these laws they make it quite plain that what is “right” for their
subjects is what is in the interest of themselves, the rulers, and if anyone
deviates from this he is punished as a lawbreaker and “wrongdoer”. That is what
I mean when I say that “right” is the same thing in all states, namely the
interest of the established government; and government is the strongest element
in each state, and so if we argue correctly we see that “right” is always the
same, the interest of the stronger party.’ (Thrasymachus to Socrates in Plato’s
Republic)
‘For each new class which puts itself in the
place of the one ruling before it, is compelled, simply in order to achieve its
aims, to represent its interest as the common interest of all members of
society, i.e. employing an ideal formula, to give its ideas the form of
universality and to represent them as the only rational and universally valid
ones.’ (Karl Marx: The German Ideology)
